High School Social Studies Connecticut Standards

Communicate Conclusions and Take Informed Action

Evaluate Sources and Use Evidence

Apply Disciplinary Concepts and Tools

Develop Questions and Plan Inquiries

Foundations of American Democracy

Structure and Function of Government

Political Participation and Engagement

Distinguish between the functions of local, state, tribal, and national governments in response to challenges (e.g., court decisions, executive orders, legislation, sovereignty, states’ rights).

Distinguish between the powers and responsibilities of local, state, and federal election officials in facilitating free and fair election processes.

Determine the extent to which elected officials represent constituent interests and perspectives (e.g., personal and professional experiences, policy positions, party affiliation, voting record).

Evaluate how a regulation or law can create or eliminate systemic inequalities involving race, gender and sexuality, ability, socio-economic status, belief systems, or access to resources (e.g., gerrymandering, 14th Amendment, Plessy v. Ferguson, poll taxes, Sheff v. O’Neill, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Rehabilitation Act).

Analyze historical, contemporary, and emerging means of protecting, defending, and promoting constitutional rights in the United States (e.g., law-making, federal court system, constitutional amendments, Supreme Court decisions, exercising constitutional rights).

Analyze advocacy and activism in the United States related to a contemporary human rights issue using the United States Constitution and other historical sources (e.g., youth activism, journalism, social media, whistleblowers, protestors, strikes, boycotts, petitions, resistance).

Analyze the impact of United States policy decisions on other nations (e.g., immigration, trade, arms support, sanctions).

Analyze how the United States' structures of state and local governments represent different models of democracy (e.g., direct democracy, representative government).

Analyze the role and effectiveness of the legislative branch in addressing constituent and societal needs (e.g., Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution, elections, political polling, representation, constituent services).

Analyze the role of individuals, groups, and the media in shaping political participation over time in the United States (e.g., interest groups, media bias, political parties).

Analyze trends in access to voting, voter turnout, and voter representation over time (e.g., gerrymandering, reapportionment, redistricting, voter socialization).

Analyze the rights and responsibilities of individuals in the United States (e.g., 4th Amendment, trial by jury, jury service, interacting with law enforcement, voting).

Analyze how elections and the electoral process are executed and maintained by constitutions and laws in the United States (e.g., voter registration, transfer of power, Electoral College, federalism).

Analyze how federal and state court systems are articulated and maintained by constitutions and laws in the United States (e.g., District Courts, Circuit Courts, Appellate Court, Supreme Court).

Explain how the Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution contributed to the establishment of a federal democratic republic (e.g., popular sovereignty, federalism).

Describe how the United States Constitution organizes, enumerates, and divides power to create a limited government (e.g., separation of powers, checks and balances, necessary and proper clause, supremacy clause, 10th Amendment).

Explain how the United States Constitution has been adapted and interpreted in response to societal changes in both historical and contemporary contexts (e.g., amendments, Marbury v. Madison, Brown v. Board of Education, Tinker v. DesMoines, Obergefell v. Hodges).

Explain how federalism led to conflict between states and the federal government (e.g., healthcare, suffrage, taxation).

Evaluate the relationship between law-making, enforcement, and interpretation in balancing the rights of the individual with the well being of society (e.g., Bill of Rights, Supreme Court cases).

Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies used by an individual, group or institution in addressing a social problem at the local, state, tribal, national, and/or international level (e.g., social protest movements, get-out-the-vote campaigns, conscious consumerism).

Evaluate the role of the media in addressing social and political problems or influencing elections (e.g., fourth estate, media bias, concentration of media ownership).

Critique geopolitical relationships and their impact on governments, civil societies, and/ or economic markets (e.g., North Atlantic Treaty Organization, United States–Mexico– Canada Agreement, Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, Paris Agreement, World Health Organization).

Identify how the structure of state and local governments promote democratic principles and public participation (e.g., boards of education, Connecticut General Assembly, municipal government).

Evaluate how different levels of government work to promote civic virtue and enact democratic principles (e.g., municipal, state, and federal).

Evaluate a United States trade policy in terms of costs and benefits (e.g., sanctions, subsidies, tariffs, trade agreements, employment).

Describe the roles of the executive branch in developing and implementing economic policies in the United States (e.g., Department of the Treasury, Federal Reserve Board, Internal Revenue Service).

Analyze how interpretations of the social contract theory of government influenced the founding of the United States government (e.g., Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke).

Analyze how historical contexts have shaped and continue to shape the ideologies and platforms of political parties in the United States (e.g., factions, partisanship).

Analyze how social contexts shape personal political beliefs and voting behavior.

Explain how a question reflects an enduring issue in the United States Government.

Explain how supporting questions contribute to an inquiry and how new compelling and supporting questions emerge when engaging sources that represent varied perspectives.

Explain points of agreement and disagreement experts have about interpretations and applications of civic concepts and ideas associated with both compelling and supporting questions.

Apply disciplinary knowledge and practices to demonstrate an understanding of civics and government content.

Gather relevant information from multiple sources representing a wide range of views and mediums while using the origin, authority, structure, context, and corroborative value to guide the selection of credible sources.

Organize and prioritize evidence directly and substantively from multiple sources in order to develop or strengthen claims (e.g., detect inconsistencies).

Refine claims and counterclaims by pointing out strengths and limitations of arguments and explanations (e.g., precision, significance, knowledge conveyed).

Construct arguments using precise and knowledgeable claims, with evidence from multiple sources, while acknowledging counterclaims and evidentiary weaknesses.

Construct explanations using sound reasoning, correct sequence, relevant examples, and pertinent details to contextualize evidence and arguments (e.g., chronology, causation, procedure).

Critique political arguments and explanations while acknowledging the strengths and weaknesses given the purpose and audience (credibility, bias, reasoning, sequencing, details).

Present arguments and explanations that feature evocative ideas and multiple perspectives about political issues and topics to reach a range of audiences and venues outside the classroom using print, oral, and digital technologies.

Analyze the characteristics and causation of local, regional, and global problems issues using a multidisciplinary lens.

Evaluate and implement strategies for individual and collective action to address local, regional, and global problems in classrooms, schools, and out-of school civic contexts.

Communicate Conclusions and Take Informed Action

Evaluate Sources and Use Evidence

Apply Disciplinary Concepts and Tools

Develop Questions and Plan Inquiries

Exchange and Interconnections

Enlightenment and Revolutions

Industry and Progress

Global Imperialism

Global Conflicts and Decolonization

Economic Globalization and Global Governance

Analyze how individuals and groups advocate for economic, political, and social change in international contexts (e.g., legislation, courts, resistance, protest, boycott, conscious consumerism).

Investigate how different groups have struggled to gain freedom, equality, and social justice at the national and international levels (e.g., Nelson Mandela, Ho Chi Minh, Kwame Nkrumah, Indian National Congress).

Analyze means of protecting or limiting human rights in the 20th century (e.g., Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nations Resolution 181, Partition of India, Dirty War in Argentina, Cultural Revolution in China, Khmer Rouge, Stolen Generations in Australia).

Analyze historical and contemporary examples of the formation, dissolution or restructuring of governments (e.g., Soviet Union, Israel, Republic of Iran, Zaire, Cuban Revolution, Sandinista National Liberation Front).

Analyze how theories of government developed in the Age of Enlightenment represented new ideas about the balance between rights of the individual and power of the government.

Analyze the impact of treaties and laws on the maintenance of national and international order in the 20th century (e.g., Apartheid, European Economic Community, Camp David Accords, Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, Latin American Integration Association).

Analyze national and international responses to refugee crises sparked by natural disasters, war, and genocide (e.g., Ukraine, Syria, Rohingya, Somalia, Latin America).

Evaluate the role of various media platforms such as television, newspapers, and social media in shaping reactions to events (e.g., Vietnam War, Tiananmen Square, fall of the Berlin Wall, Arab Spring, Russo-Ukrainian War, 2016 and 2020 U.S. Presidential Elections).

Analyze how access to resources resulted in imperialist policies that had a range of costs and benefits for different groups (e.g., West African diamonds, Middle Eastern oil, Congolese rubber, Indian spices, Panama Canal, Manchuria).

Analyze the role of comparative advantage in international trade in the late 20th century and early 21st century (e.g., natural resources, labor availability, infrastructure, capital goods, climate).

Evaluate the effectiveness of the international organizations in sustaining or undermining global cooperation (League of Nations, United Nations, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, European Union, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, International Court of Justice, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States).

Explain how free-trade alliances and agreements have affected economic growth in different nations in the late 20th century and 21st century (e.g., standard of living, e-commerce, intellectual property, outsourcing, multinational organizations).

Evaluate the extent to which competition for access to resources existed during industrialization (e.g., Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain; South African gold, salt, and ivory; Indian spices and jewels).

Describe how the Atlantic system affected global trade through cultural diffusion and competition (e.g., de-emphasis of Silk Road, extraction of natural resources, growth of transatlantic slave trade, colonization of the Americas).

Describe an international economic policy in terms of intended and unintended market outcomes (e.g., sanctions, free trade agreements, tariffs).

Demonstrate spatial awareness by creating maps to illustrate the environmental characteristics and patterns of trade in early modern world history using digital technologies (e.g., colonialism, enslavement, imperialism, revolution).

Evaluate how the cultural and environmental changes caused by industrialization influenced spatial patterns of trade and land use (e.g., Enclosure Movement, Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company, Treaty of Amity and Commerce, Suez Canal).

Evaluate how economic globalization and the expanding use of scarce resources has led to conflict and cooperation within and among nations and international organizations (e.g., Role of International Monetary Fund austerity policy in Jamaica, 2003 invasion of Iraq, Annexation of Crimea, African Union, Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement, International Group of Seven).

Explain the relationships between the locations of places and the impact of imperialism using maps and other representations (e.g., social, cultural, economic, political).

Analyze the relationships and interactions between growing industry and physical systems to explain reciprocal influences that occur among them (e.g., air pollution, hydropower, mining, dredging).

Evaluate the multinational political and economic agreements that have led to changes in cultural and environmental characteristics among and within nations (e.g., European Union, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, North American Free Trade Agreement, Trans-Pacific Partnership, International Monetary Fund).

Evaluate the impact of settlement on the environmental and cultural characteristics of the early modern world (e.g., hacienda, encomienda, Jesuit missionaries, East India Company, Ottoman Empire, unification of Japan, Indigenous genocide).

Analyze how historical events during imperialism influenced migration patterns and population distribution (e.g., Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, Royal Niger Company, Monroe Doctrine, Battle of Port Arthur).

Evaluate how the growth of the global economy has led to changes in settlement patterns (e.g., urbanization, resource scarcity, immigration, emigration, war, industrial waste).

Evaluate the influence of long-term climate variability on contemporary human migration, settlement patterns, resource use, and land use at local-to-global scales (e.g., heat waves, desertification, loss of biodiversity, fish migration, irrigation, wildfires).

Evaluate how historical events and developments were shaped by the movement of individuals and groups during maritime exploration (e.g., Treaty of Tordesillas, Seven Voyages of Zheng He, Columbian exchange).

Evaluate how the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution shaped institutions in society (e.g., deism, individual liberty, religious tolerance, reason, scientific method).

Evaluate the extent to which political and social change was advanced by women in the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution (e.g., Mary Wollstonecraft, Margaret Cavendish, Maria Winkleman, Maria Merian).

Evaluate how imperialism was shaped by rivalries between industrialized nation-states for political and economic power (e.g., Japan, Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany).

Evaluate how the causes and effects of World War I influenced global conflicts in the 20th century (e.g., imperialism, industrialization, nationalism, collapse of empires, communism, socialism, fascism).

Investigate the ways in which antisemitic beliefs and other discriminatory policies in Europe led to the persecution and murder of millions of Jews as well as Roma, disabled people, LGBTQ+ individuals, and political prisoners during the Holocaust (e.g., Nuremberg Race Laws, Final Solution, Aktion T4).

Evaluate how resistance movements and decolonization were shaped by post-World War II circumstances and broader historical contexts (e.g., India, Kenya, Vietnam, Korea, Algeria, Indonesia, Hungary, Germany).

Analyze multiple and complex causes and effects of industrialization (e.g., geographic features, technological innovations, access to capital, exploitative foreign policies and impact on native populations, environmental degradation, population trends, labor standards).

Analyze how the Industrial Revolution impacted the balance of power among nations (e.g., Opium Wars, Sino-Japanese relations prior to and post the Meiji Reformation, Crimean War, Zulu War, Mahdist War, Anglo-German naval arms race, Scramble for Africa).

Analyze the multiple and complex causes and effects of national and global public health issues (e.g., HIV/AIDS, Ebola, reproductive health, addiction, climate change, nutrition, potable water, COVID pandemic).

Develop a historical argument about the long-term causes and triggering events that led to World War II (e.g., militarism, nationalism, Treaty of Versailles, Japanese imperialism, appeasement).

Analyze how the diffusion of Enlightenment ideas influenced revolutions (e.g., United States, France, Haiti, Venezuela).

Analyze how changes in military technology impacted the outcomes of various conflicts throughout the 20th century (e.g., barbed wire, bio-chemicals, flamethrowers, submarines, tanks, aircraft, computer technology, nuclear weapons).

Examine ways in which decolonization altered the balance of power within and among nations (e.g., independence movements, decline of European political imperialism, economic imperialism, ascendency of United States and Soviet Union as leading world powers).

Analyze the impact of scientific and technological change in the late 20th and early 21st century (e.g., International Space Station, computer technology, vaccines and public health, Global Positioning Systems, cellular technology, Artificial Intelligence).

Develop questions about strategies used to promote and extend human rights and their significance in both historical and contemporary global contexts (e.g., litigation, lobbying, protests, social media, economic sanctions, diplomacy).

Analyze the complex and interacting cultural, religious, and racial factors that influenced perspectives of imperialist policies (e.g., Rudyard Kipling, E. D. Morel, Dadabhai Naoroji, Boxer Rebellion, Sepoy Rebellion).

Analyze complex and interacting factors that influenced the perspectives about international laws and treaties in the Cold War era (e.g., United Nations, Geneva Conventions, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Warsaw Pact, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty).

Analyze the complex and interacting factors that led to genocide during different historical eras (e.g., Armenia, Uganda, Cambodia, Bosnia, Rwanda, Darfur).

Analyze how industrialization gave rise to new ideals and their related policies (e.g., laissez-faire, communism, feminism, socialism, utilitarianism, utopianism).

Analyze how developments in multimedia shaped the perspectives of individuals and groups in the 20th century (e.g., comic books, communication technologies, film, propaganda, public service announcements, radio).

Analyze how current interpretations of cultural exchange of the early modern world are limited by the availability of sources and the perspectives represented (e.g., accounts by Gomes de Zurara, Conquistadors, Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Francisco de Almeida, Bartolomé de las Casas, Francis Xavier).

Synthesize sources from the Holocaust to develop questions and explore the experiences of survivors, victims, resisters, collaborators, bystanders, and rescuers (e.g., survivor testimony, memoirs, government documents, museums exhibits, historical fiction, and film).

Determine the kinds of sources that will be helpful in answering compelling and supporting questions, taking into consideration multiple points of view represented in the sources, the types of sources available, and the potential uses of the sources.

Explain how a question reflects an enduring issue in Modern World History.

Explain how supporting questions contribute to an inquiry and how new compelling and supporting questions emerge when engaging sources that represent varied perspectives.

Apply disciplinary knowledge and practices to demonstrate an understanding of modern world history content.

Gather relevant information from multiple sources representing a wide range of views and mediums while using the origin, authority, structure, context, and corroborative value to guide the selection of credible sources.

Organize and prioritize evidence directly and substantively from multiple sources in order to develop or strengthen claims (e.g., detect inconsistencies).

Refine claims and counterclaims by pointing out strengths and limitations of arguments and explanations (e.g., precision, significance, knowledge conveyed).

Construct arguments using precise and knowledgeable claims, with evidence from multiple sources, while acknowledging counterclaims and evidentiary weaknesses.

Construct explanations using sound reasoning, correct sequence, relevant examples, and pertinent details to contextualize evidence and arguments (e.g., chronology, causation, procedure).

Critique historical arguments and explanations while acknowledging the strengths and weaknesses given the purpose and audience (e.g., credibility, bias, reasoning, sequencing, details).

Present arguments and explanations that feature evocative ideas and multiple perspectives about modern world history topics to reach a range of audiences and venues outside the classroom using print, oral, and digital technologies.

Analyze the characteristics and causation of ongoing global problems, both past and present, using a multidisciplinary lens.

Evaluate and implement strategies for individual and collective action to address global problems in classrooms, schools, and out-of-school civic contexts.

Communicate Conclusions and Take Informed Action

Evaluate Sources and Use Evidence

Apply Disciplinary Concepts and Tools

Develop Questions and Plan Inquiries

Reconstruction

Immigration, Industrialization, and Progressivism

Imperialism and World War I

The 1920s, Great Depression, and New Deal

World War II

Cold War and Civil Rights

Foreign Policy, Global Conflicts and Cultural Shifts

National Identity in the Digital Age

Analyze the impact of personal perspectives in public debates about national security and individual liberties (e.g., 2nd Amendment, Obergefell v. Hodges, Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, Sanctuary Cities, Dakota Access Pipeline).

Analyze how people in the Progressive Era used and challenged laws to advance social, political, economic, and environmental reforms (e.g., Populist Party, B’nai B’rith, National Woman Suffrage Movement, Sierra Club, Niagara Movement, Socialist Party of America).

Evaluate intended and unintended outcomes of Reconstruction plans and policies in terms of rebuilding a shared national identity (e.g., Radical Republicans, Compromise of 1877, Freedmen’s Bureau, Reconstruction Treaties).

Evaluate United States policies to address public safety in terms of intended and unintended outcomes, and related consequences (e.g., War on Drugs, “America Responds to AIDS” public information campaign, Immigration Reform and Control Act).

Analyze the historical context of racism, racial violence, and challenges to reconciliation between the United States and the former Confederacy.

Analyze the impact of multimedia on American politics and public discourse (e.g., 24-hour news cycle, echo chambers, social media algorithms, live streaming, trolls, deep fakes, artificial intelligence).

Analyze the role of citizens in advocating for and ratifying the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution (e.g., Ida B. Wells, Alice Paul, Anna Bernard Shaw, Helena Hill Weed, Frank B. Brandegee).

Evaluate the effectiveness of state and federal government in upholding the Reconstruction Amendments (e.g., Black Codes, Enforcement Acts, Jim Crow laws).

Evaluate the effectiveness of individuals, groups, and institutions in addressing issues of civil rights and justice in the post-World War II era (e.g., disability, education, environmental justice, LGBTQ+ rights, poverty, racial and gender equity, voting access).

Analyze the role of legislative and judicial decisions in expanding or limiting civil liberties (e.g., Hernandez v. Texas, Executive Order 10450, Loving v. Virginia, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, Roe v. Wade).

Evaluate the impact of laissez-faire economic policies regarding corporate decision making, labor conditions, and public advocacy in the Gilded Age (e.g., monopoly, captains of industry, muckrakers, social Darwinism, labor unions).

Explain why investments in infrastructure and industry expanded consumer culture and increased standards of living in the United States (e.g., housing access, mass production, urbanization, utilities).

Analyze the ways in which government incentives and personal motivation influenced production and distribution under New Deal policies (e.g., Agricultural Adjustment Act, Tennessee Valley Authority Act, Civilian Conservation Corps, Federal Housing Administration).

Explain potential approaches to stabilize markets in response to the Great Depression (e.g., plans by Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Huey Long, and the American Communist Party).

Describe the possible consequences, both intended and unintended, of government policies to address social and economic problems during the Great Depression (e.g., role of the Federal government, banking practices, inequitable access to benefits, migration, environmental impacts, social safety net).

Describe domestic economic policies in terms of market outcomes (e.g., North American Free Trade Agreement, Electronic Benefit Transfer, Great Recession, Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act).

Evaluate the effects of human-made and natural catastrophes on global trade, politics, and human migration in the United States (e.g., Hurricane Katrina, Flint water crisis, Deepwater Horizon oil spill, climate change, investments in green technology).

Analyze changing spatial patterns of cultural enclaves within and among United States regions using paper-based and electronic graphic techniques (e.g., Jamaican, Puerto Rican, Bosnian, Vietnamese, Sikh, Mexican, Cuban, Muslim).

Evaluate how the Progressive Era is a result of immigration and industrialization (e.g., antilynching, Settlement House Movement, improved working conditions, childrens’ rights).

Evaluate the role of the media in shaping public opinions and debates about America’s emergence as an imperial power (e.g., muckrakers, yellow journalism, propaganda).

Evaluate the role of economic and political developments that created the conditions leading to WWII and the Holocaust (e.g., Great Depression, nationalism, militarism).

Evaluate how the demand for labor on homefront in World War II shaped gender roles (e.g., mobilization, victory gardens, rationing, War Production Board).

Evaluate the United States government’s complex responses to the Holocaust while recognizing the history of antisemitism in both historical and contemporary contexts (e.g., Voyage of the St. Louis, lack of response to the Final Solution, Nuremberg Trials).

Evaluate how the Korean and Vietnam Wars were products of the geopolitical contexts of the Cold War.

Evaluate whether the conservative ascendency of the 1980s was a reaction to social and economic change and to what extent it was consistent with broader historical trends (e.g., New Right, Watergate, energy crisis, Reaganomics).

Evaluate how popular culture in the 1970s and 1980s promoted and reflected hyperconsumerism, racial tension, women’s empowerment, and the Cold War.

Describe how individual and group perspectives about gender and sexuality in the late 19th and early 20th centuries are documented in historical records while noting possible limitations (e.g., We’wha, Vaudeville, bicycles, women’s suffrage and education).

Determine the usefulness of historical sources to support an inquiry about the causes, escalation, and public reaction to the Vietnam War based on their maker, origin, intended audience, and purpose (e.g., art, ephemera, film, government reports, media, music).

Develop questions about the rise of nativism and assimilation efforts of immigrants and Indigenous peoples (e.g., Punjabi Migration, Indian Boarding Schools, Chinese Exclusion Act, Rock Spring Massacre, 1907 Bellingham Riots, Immigration Act of 1917).

Develop questions to investigate the causes and effects of the Great Depression using multiple historical sources.

Analyze the causes and effects of United States involvement in WWI (e.g., threats to United States neutrality, support for democracy, suppression of civil liberties, debate over the League of Nations and the United States role in global affairs).

Analyze how advancements in warfare impacted military personnel and civilians (e.g., aircraft, artillery, chemical weapons, land mines, trench warfare, shell shock).

Analyze the causes and effects of the Great Migration (e.g., Jim Crow laws, racial terrorism, emergence of urban Black cultural centers, resurgence of Islam).

Analyze the multiple and complex causes and effects of the nuclear age (e.g., Manhattan Project, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Operation Paperclip, nuclear proliferation, Strategic Arms Limitations Treaties, atomic culture, Three Mile Island accident).

Evaluate the impact of foreign policy and military intervention in upholding the United States’ founding ideals during the Cold War (e.g., Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Warsaw Pact, Korea, Cuba, Chile, Vietnam).

Analyze the multiple and complex causes and effects of the September 11th attacks on domestic and foreign policy.

Identify both long term causes and triggering events to develop historical arguments about efforts to abolish legalized racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement (e.g., Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Black Panther Party, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, American Jewish Congress, American Indian Movement, United Farm Workers, Congress of Racial Equality).

Develop an argument about the long-term causes and triggering events of United States foreign policies designed to contain and dismantle communism (e.g., Iran Hostage Crisis, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Iran-Contra, Afghanistan).

Analyze the political, economic, and social agency demonstrated by Black Americans throughout the period of Reconstruction using evidence from multiple relevant historical sources (e.g., Black Republicans, Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Edisto Island).

Evaluate the juxtaposition between celebration of wartime service in World War I and the discrimination faced by individuals and groups using evidence from multiple historical sources (e.g., European, Latino, Indigenous, and Black service members, Thind v. United States).

Develop arguments about the juxtaposition between the United States’ founding ideals and actions of the Federal government during World War II using evidence from multiple relevant sources (e.g., Japanese-American Internment, Holocaust intervention, Braceros Program, Fair Employment Practices Act, segregated regiments, women in the military).

Describe the achievements and contributions of diverse individuals and groups during World War II using evidence from historical sources (e.g., Women accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service, Tuskegee Airman, Navajo Code Talkers, 442 Japanese-American regiment, 158th Regimental Combat Team).

Develop a reasoned argument about the role of the United States government in providing access to fair and open housing using multiple relevant sources (e.g., Federal Housing Administration, Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, Levittown, redlining, Interstate Highway System).

Analyze how innovations in the application of technology contributed to cultural and political diffusion (e.g., televangelism, Music Television, personal computing, Hip Hop music, cable television, political talk radio).

Assess the US response to human rights violations around the world (e.g., genocide, support for free elections, sanctions, humanitarian aid, funds for human rights organizations).

Analyze the effectiveness of individual and group responses to public policies that they deem to be discriminatory.

Analyze complex and interacting factors that influenced the strategies for Black social and economic progress in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (e.g., Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, Mary Townsend Seymour).

Analyze how economic and cultural hegemony influenced American perspectives of imperialism at the end of the 19th century (e.g., Cuba, Puerto Rico, Spanish-American War, Annexation of Hawaii and Philippines, dispossession of Latino American lands in the American West).

Analyze how racism and nativism shaped perspectives about individuals and groups and influenced government policy (e.g., Red Summer, Sacco Vanzetti, eugenics movement, immigration acts in the 1920s, Angel Island, Ku Klux Klan).

Analyze complex and interacting factors that influenced a debate over national identity in the United States in the 1920s (e.g., Scopes Trial, Jazz, flappers, Immigration Act of 1924, Marcus Garvey, mass media and advertising).

Analyze how heightened domestic tensions and claims about perceived threats to democratic values led to widespread civil rights violations (e.g., House Un-American Activities Committee, Hollywood Ten, Lavender Scare, treatment of Civil Rights and anti-Vietnam War activists, televised news).

Analyze the role of popular culture, subculture, and counterculture in shaping public perception of national identity during the post-World War II era (e.g., Beat Generation, Rock and Roll, Motown, Jazz, Hippies, television sitcoms, Hollywood films).

Analyze how the September 11th attacks shaped perspectives in the United States (e.g., views of Muslims and Sikhs, Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration, Patriot Act).

Analyze how authors, artists, and musicians documented perspectives and experiences of individuals and groups throughout the interwar period (e.g., Jacob Lawrence, Dorthea Lange, Langston Hughes, Billie Holiday, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón).

Explain how contemporary perspectives of Reconstruction are shaped by political and social attitudes.

Explain how compelling and supporting questions reflect an enduring issue in United States History.

Explain how supporting questions contribute to an inquiry and how new compelling and supporting questions emerge when engaging sources that represent varied perspectives.

Determine the kinds of sources that will be helpful in answering compelling and supporting questions, taking into consideration multiple points of view represented in the sources, the types of sources available, and the potential uses of the sources.

Apply disciplinary knowledge and practices to demonstrate an understanding of United States history content.

Gather relevant information from multiple sources representing a wide range of views and mediums while using the origin, authority, structure, context, and corroborative value to guide the selection of credible sources.

Organize and prioritize evidence directly and substantively from multiple sources in order to develop or strengthen claims (e.g., detect inconsistencies).

Refine claims and counterclaims by pointing out strengths and limitations of arguments and explanations (e.g., precision, significance, knowledge conveyed).

Construct arguments using precise and knowledgeable claims, with evidence from multiple sources, while acknowledging counterclaims and evidentiary weaknesses.

Construct explanations using sound reasoning, correct sequence, relevant examples, and pertinent details to contextualize evidence and arguments (e.g., chronology, causation, procedure).

Critique historical arguments and explanations while acknowledging the strengths and weaknesses given the purpose and audience (e.g., credibility, bias, reasoning, sequencing, details).

Present arguments and explanations that feature evocative ideas and multiple perspectives about United States History topics to reach a range of audiences and venues outside the classroom using print, oral, and digital technologies.

Analyze the characteristics and causation of national problems issues, both past and present, using a multidisciplinary lens.

Evaluate and implement strategies for individual and collective action to address national problems in classrooms, schools, and out-of-school civic contexts.